New Version of the original CORSIKA =================================== Frank Schroeder (00/05/24) - Using CORSIKA version 5.945 (which is up to now not distributed by the Karlruhe people) - This Version includes many changes to earlier ones (most of them are described in Heck, D., Schroeder, F. et al., Proc. 26th ICRC, Salt Lake City, 1, 498 (1999) (HE 2.5.28) - The most important change for observations at large zenith angles is the new 'curved'-option. Using this, CORSIKA is now able to simulate air showers with its hadronic, electomagnetic (EGS) and cherenkov part up to 89 degrees zenith angle. TREATMENT: --------- Since the standard version of the air shower simulation code CORSIKA treats the shower development in a plane atmosphere, modifications have been performed for a complete simulation at large zenith angles. To avoid lengthy formulas for a treatment in a spherical coordinate system with corresponding long CPU times the description of particle transport is kept, but the horizontal step size is limited. Longer transport distances are subdivided into appropriate segments to be treated in a local flat atmosphere. After each traversed segment the particle coordinates are transferred into the next local Cartesian coordinate system with its vertical axis pointing to the center of Earth. Thus the curved Earth's surface is approximated piece by piece by flat segments with limited horizontal extension. When transferring the coordinates into the next local flat system, the atmospheric thickness makes a jump due to the treatment in a local flat atmosphere. To keep this jump negligible (Delta(thickness)/thickness < 1% and Delta(thickness) < 0.5 g cm^2) a thickness dependent horizontal step size limitation is introduced. Thus the step size limit varies exponentially between 20 km at the top of the atmosphere and 6 km at sea level. (Additionally to the modified particle transport the Cherenkov photon tracks are corrected due to the atmospheric refraction using precalculated tables gained by numerical integration.) - Other changes are: * different possibilities for calculating zenith angle distributions for different detector symmetries (flat, volume and cylindrical detector) (Chirkin) * 4 out of 6 South Pole atmospheres available in the standard CORSIKA distribution have been selected using the MSIS-E-90 model and can be used for calculations involving seasonal variations.(Chirkin) * new inelastic cross sections for QGSJET * treatment of low energy nuclei (E_nuclei/A < 80 GeV) now with superposition of single nucleons + Glauber theorie(cross sections and number of single nucleon nucleon interaction) + HDPM(new particles + distributions) * and tools for cherenkov photon production (refraction,...), ...